Billion-dollar events to affect the United States from 1980 to 2021* (CPI-AUnadjusted)
Disaster Type	Events	Events/Year	Percent Frequency	Total Costs	Percent of Total Costs	Cost/Event	Cost/Year	Deaths	Deaths/Year
Drought	29	0.7	9.7%	$267.8B^‡^CI Drought Confidence Intervals 75%: $234.4B – $305.0B 90%: $223.6B – $318.2B 95%: $217.3B – $326.7B	13.5%^‡	$9.6B^‡	$6.4B^‡	4,048^†	96^†
Drought	29	0.7	11.2%	$165.7B^‡^CI Drought Confidence Intervals 75%: $150.2B – $187.7B 90%: $144.3B – $195.5B 95%: $140.4B – $200.4B	11.4%^‡	$5.9B^‡	$3.9B^‡	4,048^†	96^†
Flooding	35	0.8	11.7%	$159.3B^CI Flooding Confidence Intervals 75%: $125.2B – $176.3B 90%: $118.0B – $186.0B 95%: $111.8B – $195.4B	8.0%	$4.6B	$3.8B	624	15
Flooding	32	0.8	12.4%	$107.8B^CI Flooding Confidence Intervals 75%: $85.7B – $119.9B 90%: $80.6B – $125.9B 95%: $76.7B – $132.8B	7.4%	$3.4B	$2.6B	583	14
Freeze	9	0.2	3.0%	$31.9B^CI Freeze Confidence Intervals 75%: $25.6B – $37.2B 90%: $24.3B – $38.8B 95%: $23.2B – $40.0B	1.6%	$3.5B	$0.8B	162	4
Freeze	8	0.2	3.1%	$15.5B^CI Freeze Confidence Intervals 75%: $12.5B – $18.4B 90%: $12.1B – $19.1B 95%: $11.5B – $19.4B	1.1%	$1.9B	$0.4B	162	4
Severe Storm	136	3.2	45.6%	$307.9B^CI Severe Storm Confidence Intervals 75%: $281.0B – $329.3B 90%: $269.7B – $342.1B 95%: $261.2B – $355.1B	15.6%	$2.3B	$7.3B	1,780	42
Severe Storm	112	2.7	43.2%	$229.2B^CI Severe Storm Confidence Intervals 75%: $209.7B – $245.5B 90%: $203.1B – $254.4B 95%: $196.6B – $263.6B	15.7%	$2.0B	$5.5B	1,506	36
Tropical Cyclone	52	1.2	17.4%	$1,034.0B^CI Tropical Cyclone Confidence Intervals 75%: $868.6B – $1,151.8B 90%: $814.0B – $1,229.1B 95%: $779.1B – $1,271.1B	52.2%	$19.9B	$24.6B	6,593	157
Tropical Cyclone	48	1.1	18.5%	$800.5B^CI Tropical Cyclone Confidence Intervals 75%: $670.6B – $896.0B 90%: $625.3B – $957.7B 95%: $597.1B – $991.3B	55.0%	$16.7B	$19.1B	6,561	156
Wildfire	18	0.4	6.0%	$106.1B^CI Wildfire Confidence Intervals 75%: $87.9B – $120.4B 90%: $84.5B – $124.6B 95%: $80.8B – $130.5B	5.4%	$5.9B	$2.5B	393	9
Wildfire	17	0.4	6.6%	$89.3B^CI Wildfire Confidence Intervals 75%: $74.2B – $101.9B 90%: $71.3B – $105.0B 95%: $67.9B – $110.3B	6.1%	$5.3B	$2.1B	393	9
Winter Storm	19	0.5	6.4%	$72.8B^CI Winter Storm Confidence Intervals 75%: $64.1B – $81.2B 90%: $60.9B – $84.5B 95%: $57.1B – $89.6B	3.7%	$3.8B	$1.7B	1,223	29
Winter Storm	13	0.3	5.0%	$47.6B^CI Winter Storm Confidence Intervals 75%: $41.5B – $53.2B 90%: $39.3B – $55.6B 95%: $37.4B – $58.9B	3.3%	$3.7B	$1.1B	881	21
All Disasters	298	7.1	100.0	$1,979.8B^‡^CI All Disasters Confidence Intervals 75%: $1,686.8B – $2,201.2B 90%: $1,595.0B – $2,323.3B 95%: $1,530.5B – $2,408.4B	100.0%^‡	$6.7B^‡	$47.1B^‡	14,823	353
All Disasters	259	6.2	100.0	$1,455.6B^‡^CI All Disasters Confidence Intervals 75%: $1,244.4B – $1,622.6B 90%: $1,176.0B – $1,713.2B 95%: $1,127.6B – $1,776.7B	100.0%^‡	$5.6B^‡	$34.7B^‡	14,134	337

^†Deaths associated with drought are the result of heat waves. (Not all droughts are accompanied by extreme heat waves.)

Flooding events (river basin or urban flooding from excessive rainfall) are separate from inland flood damage caused by tropical cyclone events.

The confidence interval (CI) probabilities (75%, 90% and 95%) represent the uncertainty associated with the disaster cost estimates. Monte Carlo simulations were used to produce upper and lower bounds at these confidence levels (Smith and Matthews, 2015).