Billion-dollar events to affect the U.S. from 1980 to 2019 (CPI-Adjusted)

Disaster Type	Number of Events	Percent Frequency	CPI-Adjusted Losses (Billions of Dollars)	Percent of Total Losses	Average Event Cost (Billions of Dollars)	Deaths
Drought	26	10.1%	$249.7CI Drought Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $224.2 Upper 75 $289.8 Lower 90 $214.5 Upper 90 $302.2 Lower 95 $208.5 Upper 95 $310.0	14.2%	$9.6	2,993†
Flooding	32	12.4%	$146.5§CI Flooding Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $116.0 Upper 75 $162.4 Lower 90 $109.3 Upper 90 $171.0 Lower 95 $103.9 Upper 95 $179.2	8.3%§	$4.6§	555
Freeze	9	3.5%	$30.5CI Freeze Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $24.4 Upper 75 $35.6 Lower 90 $23.3 Upper 90 $37.4 Lower 95 $22.1 Upper 95 $38.2	1.7%	$3.4	162
Severe Storm	113	43.8%	$247.8CI Severe Storm Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $226.9 Upper 75 $262.0 Lower 90 $218.5 Upper 90 $273.4 Lower 95 $211.3 Upper 95 $283.6	14.1%	$2.2	1,642
Tropical Cyclone	44	17.1%	$945.9CI Tropical Cyclone Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $791.4 Upper 75 $1,053.1 Lower 90 $742.2 Upper 90 $1,123.8 Lower 95 $710.8 Upper 95 $1,161.9	53.9%	$21.5	6,502
Wildfire	17	6.6%	$84.9CI Wildfire Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $70.5 Upper 75 $95.7 Lower 90 $67.8 Upper 90 $100.2 Lower 95 $65.0 Upper 95 $104.0	4.8%	$5.0	347
Winter Storm	17	6.6%	$49.3CI Winter Storm Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $43.3 Upper 75 $52.7 Lower 90 $41.7 Upper 90 $55.2 Lower 95 $39.0 Upper 95 $57.4	2.8%	$2.9	1,048
All Disasters	258	100.0%	$1,754.6CI All Disasters Confidence Intervals Lower 75 $1,496.7 Upper 75 $1,951.3 Lower 90 $1,417.3 Upper 90 $2,063.2 Lower 95 $1,360.6 Upper 95 $2,134.3	100.0%	$6.8	13,249

^†Deaths associated with drought are the result of heat waves. (Not all droughts are accompanied by extreme heat waves.)

^§Flooding statistics do not include inland flood damage caused by tropical cyclone events.

The confidence interval (CI) probabilities (75%, 90% and 95%) represent the uncertainty associated with the disaster cost estimates. Monte Carlo simulations were used to produce upper and lower bounds at these confidence levels (Smith and Matthews, 2015).