Contents of this Section:


October 2011 Selected Climate Anomalies and Events MapOctober 2011 Selected Climate
Anomalies and Events Map


Global Highlights

  • The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for October 2011 was the eighth warmest on record at 14.58°C (58.14°F), which is 0.58°C (1.04°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.1°F). The margin of error associated with this temperature is +/- 0.07°C (0.13°F).
  • Separately, the global land surface temperature was 1.10°C (1.98°F) above the 20th century average of 9.3°C (48.7°F), making this the second warmest October on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.11°C (0.20°F).
  • The October global ocean surface temperature was 0.39°C (0.70°F) above the 20th century average of 15.9°C (60.6°F), making it the 11th warmest October on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.04°C (0.07°F).
  • The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the January – October period was 0.53°C (0.95°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.4°F), making it the 10th warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.09°C (0.16°F).
  • The January – October worldwide land surface temperature was 0.85°C (1.53°F) above the 20th century average — the sixth warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.19°C (0.34°F). The global ocean surface temperature for the year to date was 0.41°C (0.74°F) above the 20th century average and was the 12th warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.04°C (0.07°F).

Please Note: The data presented in this report are preliminary. Ranks and anomalies may change as more complete data are received and processed. Effective with the October 2009 State of the Climate Report, NCDC transitioned to the new version (version 3b) of the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset. ERSST.v3b is an improved extended SST reconstruction over version 2. For more information about the differences between ERSST.v3b and ERSST.v2 and to access the most current data, please visit NCDC's Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page.



Introduction

Temperature anomalies for October 2011 are shown on the dot maps below. The dot map on the left provides a spatial representation of anomalies calculated from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) dataset of land surface stations using a 1961–1990 base period. The dot map on the right is a product of a merged land surface and sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly analysis developed by Smith et al. (2008). For the merged land surface and SST analysis, temperature anomalies with respect to the 1971–2000 average for land and ocean are analyzed separately and then merged to form the global analysis. For more information, please visit NCDC's Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page.

October

October 2011 was much warmer than normal compared with previous Octobers. On average, land areas across the Northern Hemisphere—where the majority of the Earth's land mass is located—were the warmest on record for the month, at 1.29°C (2.32°F) above the 20th century average. The warmth was especially pronounced across Alaska, Canada, Mongolia, and most of Russia and Europe. According to the UK Met Office, the United Kingdom marked its warmest October since 2006 and eighth warmest in the last 100 years, at 2.0°C (3.6°F) above the 1971–2000 average. Norway also reported its eighth warmest October, at 1.8°C (2.6°F) above normal, with records dating back to 1900.The dot maps below show much of central and northern Russia with average temperatures more than 5°C (9°F) above average. Temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere were also above average, ranking 16th warmest on record. However, most of southern and western South America was cooler than average. According to the Argentina Meteorological Service (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional), several locations in Argentina experienced their coolest October in five decades. Globally, the average October land surface temperature was second warmest on record, at 1.10°C (1.98°F) above average.

La Niña conditions continued to strengthen in the eastern central Pacific Ocean during October, according to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. Globally, the average October sea surface temperature was 13th warmest on record, with similar monthly average temperature anomalies in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere oceans. While it was cooler than normal in the region of the Pacific where ENSO conditions are measured and also in the northeast Pacific, it was notably warmer than normal across the north central and northwest Pacific, the northeast Atlantic, and portions of the mid-latitude Southern oceans.

Overall, the combined global average land and ocean temperature ranked as the eighth warmest October in the 132-year period of record.

Year-to-date (January–October)

La Niña conditions have been present during all months to-date in 2011, with the exception of May, June, and July, when ENSO-neutral conditions briefly returned. These conditions impacted temperatures around the globe, making the January–October combined global land and ocean temperature the 10th warmest such period on record and the coolest since 2008, at 0.53°C (0.95°F) above average. The January-October 2011 Blended Land and Ocean Surface Temperature Anomalies in degree CelsiusJanuary–October 2011 map of temperature anomalies shows regions with anomalously warm and anomalously cool temperatures. Over land, the most anomalous warmth enveloped nearly all of central and western Russia. Few regions were cooler than normal, most notably much of northern Australia the north central and northwest United States, and southwest Canada. Overall, the global land surface temperature anomaly (0.85°C / 1.53°F) was more than twice as high as the global sea surface temperature anomaly (0.41°C / 0.74°F) for this period, ranking as 6th warmest and 12th warmest, respectively.

[ top ]


The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure (depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the October 2011 height and anomaly mapOctober 2011 map, respectively) are generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively. For other Global products, please see the Climate Monitoring Global Products page.

Images of sea surface temperature anomalies are available for each week from 2004 to present on the weekly SST page.


Temperature Rankings and Graphics

Current Month | Year-to-date

October Ranks and Records
OctoberAnomalyRank
(out of 132 years)
Records
°C°FYear(s)°C°F
Global
Land+1.10 ± 0.11+1.98 ± 0.20Warmest2nd2005+1.14+2.05
Coolest131st1976-0.88-1.58
Ocean+0.39 ± 0.04+0.70 ± 0.07Warmest11th2003+0.58+1.04
Coolest122nd1909-0.47-0.85
Ties: 1998
Land and Ocean+0.58 ± 0.07+1.04 ± 0.13Warmest8th2003+0.72+1.30
Coolest125th1912-0.54-0.97
Northern Hemisphere
Land+1.29 ± 0.11+2.32 ± 0.20Warmest1st2003+1.25+2.25
Coolest132nd1912-1.15-2.07
Ocean+0.40 ± 0.04+0.72 ± 0.07Warmest12th2003, 2006+0.65+1.17
Coolest121st1912-0.50-0.90
Land and Ocean+0.73 ± 0.08+1.31 ± 0.14Warmest5th2003+0.88+1.58
Coolest128th1912-0.74-1.33
Southern Hemisphere
Land+0.58 ± 0.17+1.04 ± 0.31Warmest16th2006+1.15+2.07
Coolest117th1910-0.74-1.33
Ocean+0.39 ± 0.04+0.70 ± 0.07Warmest13th1997+0.59+1.06
Coolest120th1910-0.46-0.83
Land and Ocean+0.42 ± 0.06+0.76 ± 0.11Warmest12th1997+0.62+1.12
Coolest121st1910-0.51-0.92
Ties: 1996, 2001, 2007
Arctic
Land and Ocean+1.73 ± 0.33+3.11 ± 0.59Warmest2nd1947+1.75+3.15
Coolest131st1912-1.61-2.90

January–October Ranks and Records
January–OctoberAnomalyRank
(out of 132 years)
Records
°C°FYear(s)°C°F
Global
Land+0.85 ± 0.19+1.53 ± 0.34Warmest6th2007+1.06+1.91
Coolest127th1893-0.62-1.12
Ties: 2009
Ocean+0.41 ± 0.04+0.74 ± 0.07Warmest12th1998+0.54+0.97
Coolest121st1911-0.47-0.85
Land and Ocean+0.53 ± 0.09+0.95 ± 0.16Warmest10th2010+0.66+1.19
Coolest123rd1911-0.45-0.81
Ties: 2001
Northern Hemisphere
Land+0.96 ± 0.20+1.73 ± 0.36Warmest5th2007+1.19+2.14
Coolest128th1893-0.67-1.21
Ocean+0.40 ± 0.04+0.72 ± 0.07Warmest12th2005+0.56+1.01
Coolest121st-0.47-0.85+0.05
Ties: 2008
Land and Ocean+0.61 ± 0.13+1.10 ± 0.23Warmest10th2010+0.75+1.35
Coolest123rd-0.47-0.85+0.06
Southern Hemisphere
Land+0.57 ± 0.15+1.03 ± 0.27Warmest12th2005+0.92+1.66
Coolest121st1917-0.73-1.31
Ties: 1983, 2008
Ocean+0.43 ± 0.04+0.77 ± 0.07Warmest11th1998+0.56+1.01
Coolest122nd1911-0.51-0.92
Land and Ocean+0.45 ± 0.07+0.81 ± 0.13Warmest12th1998+0.62+1.12
Coolest121st1911-0.52-0.94
Arctic
Land and Ocean+1.51 ± 0.18+2.72 ± 0.32Warmest1st2007+1.35+2.43
Coolest132nd1902-1.04-1.87

The most current data may be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page.

[ top ]


Precipitation

The maps below represent anomaly values based on the GHCN dataset of land surface stations using a base period of 1961–1990. Precipitation anomalies on a month-to-month basis are often highly variable across the globe and even within regions.

There were several areas across the globe with anomalous wetness or anomalous dryness during October. With the end of the South Asian monsoon season, India and Bangladesh observed drier-than-normal conditions. It was also abnormally dry in northeastern China, eastern Australia, the central United States and much of Canada. An unusually wet monsoon season brought devastating floods to Thailand. Seasonal rains brought wetter-than-normal conditions to Algeria and Ethiopia. The remnants of Hurricane Rina affected south Florida and brought heavy precipitation in the form of snowfall to the northeast United States. Other regions that experienced above-average rainfall included eastern South America, the northwest United States, Western Australia, and Pakistan.

Rainfall across Australia was 52 percent above average, making this month the 17th wettest October in its 112-year period of record, according to Australia's Bureau of Meteorology. The wetness was due largely to well-above average rainfall in the tropical north and western half of the country. Western Australia saw average rainfall more than two times higher than normal, making this October its third wettest on record and wettest since 1975. Weak La Niña conditions were present in October, and La Niña is associated with heavier-than-average precipitation in Australia.

Additional details on extreme climate events and flooding and drought conditions can also be found on the October 2011 Global Hazards page.

[ top ]


References

Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849.

Quayle, R.G., T.C. Peterson, A.N. Basist, and C. S. Godfrey, 1999: An operational near-real-time global temperature index. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 333-335.

Smith, T.M., and R.W. Reynolds (2005), A global merged land air and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997), J. Clim., 18, 2021-2036.

Smith, et al (2008), Improvements to NOAA's Historical Merged Land-Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880-2006), J. Climate., 21, 2283-2293.

[ top ]


Citing This Report

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for October 2011, published online November 2011, retrieved on March 19, 2024 from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/201110.