State of the Climate
Global Analysis
January 2006

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Climatic Data Center

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Global Highlights:

Based on preliminary data, globally averaged combined land and sea surface temperature was 13th warmest on record for January 2006.
January temperatures were above average in North America, Scandinavia and parts of Australia. Colder-than-average conditions occurred in Alaska, Eastern Europe and a large part of Asia.
Precipitation during January was above average in the Amazon Basin, western Australia and the U.S. Great Lakes, with drier-than-average conditions in Europe, eastern Brazil and the southeastern U.S.
ENSO transitioned to a cool phase as sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were slightly below normal across the equatorial Pacific during January, indicative of La Niña conditions.

The data presented in this report are preliminary. Ranks and anomalies may change as more complete data are received and processed. The most current data may be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page.

Introduction

Temperature anomalies for January 2006 are shown on the two maps below. The dot map on the left provides a spatial representation of anomalies calculated from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data set of land surface stations using a 1961-1990 base period. The map on the right is a product of a merged land surface and sea surface temperature anomaly analysis which is based on data from the GHCN of land temperatures and the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) of Sea-Surface Temperature (SST) data. Temperature anomalies with respect to 1961-1990 for land and ocean are analyzed separately and then merged to form the global analysis. Additional information on this product is available.

During January 2006, temperatures were more than 3°C above average across Canada, the U.S., Scandinavia and the majority of China. Cooler than average temperatures were observed in the Iberian Peninsula, Algeria, Alaska, Eastern Europe, and most of Asia with some anomalies exceeding -5°C.

Warmer than average SSTs occurred over the North Atlantic and South Pacific. Cooler than average conditions were observed in the Niño 3.4 region and off the coast of western Australia.

Current month's Land Surface Temperature Dot map

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Current month's blended Land and sea surface Temperature Dot map

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The mean position of upper level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure (depicted by positive and negative 500 millibar height anomalies on the January 2006 map) are generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively. For other Global products see the Climate Monitoring Global Products page.

Images of sea surface temperature conditions are available for all weeks during 2006 at the weekly SST page.

Temperature Rankings and Graphics

Effective with the January 2006 report, NCDC transitioned from the use of the Operational Global Surface Temperature Index (Quayle et al. 1999) to the blended land and ocean dataset developed by Smith and Reynolds (2005). The differences between the two methods are discussed in Smith et al. 2005.

Current Month

January	Anomaly	Rank	Warmest Year on Record
Global Land Ocean Land and Ocean	+0.28°C (+0.50°F) +0.38°C (+0.68°F) +0.36°C (+0.65°F)	34th warmest 6th warmest 13th warmest	2002 (+1.44°C/2.59°F) 1998 (+0.52°C/0.94°F) 2002 (+0.69°C/1.24°F)
Northern Hemisphere Land Ocean Land and Ocean	+0.11°C (+0.20°F) +0.32°C (+0.58°F) +0.24°C (+0.43°F)	52nd warmest 7th warmest 30th warmest	2002 (+1.87°C/3.37°F) 1998 (+0.51°C/0.92°F) 2002 (+0.93°C/1.67°F)
Southern Hemisphere Land Ocean Land and Ocean	+0.78°C (+1.40°F) +0.44°C (+0.79°F) +0.49°C (+0.88°F)	warmest 7th warmest 4th warmest	2nd - 1977 (+0.76°C/1.37°F) 1998 (+0.55°C/0.99°F) 1998 (+0.58°C/1.04°F)

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The most current data may be accessed via the Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page.

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Precipitation

The maps below represent anomaly values based on the GHCN data set of land surface stations using a base period of 1961-1990. During January 2006, above average precipitation fell over areas that include the Amazon Basin, Iceland, southern Chile, eastern Australia and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, Great Lakes and Northeast regions. Below average precipitation was observed in western Brazil, the majority of Europe, the western coast of Canada, along the U.S. Gulf Coast and parts of Indonesia.

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Percent Precipitation Dot map for January

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ENSO SST Analysis

Last week of the month's ENSO condtions Map

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SSTs were below average in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during January, indicative of La Niña conditions (shown in the adjacent animation of weekly sea surface temperature anomalies). A comprehensive summary of January 2006 ENSO conditions can be found on the ENSO monitoring page. For the latest advisory on ENSO conditions go to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and the CPC ENSO Diagnostic Discussion
Images of sea surface temperature conditions are available for all weeks during 2006 at the weekly SST page

Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent

Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent, as measured from passive microwave instruments onboard NOAA satellites, was the lowest for any January on record in 2006 at 13.6 million square kilometers (image to the right). This is 1.2 million square kilometers below the long-term (1979-2000) mean. For further information on Northern Hemisphere snow and ice cover during January, please see the Northern Hemisphere Snow and Ice page. Data courtesy of NOAA's National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Monthly sea ice extent for the Northern Hemisphere

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Troposphere

Current Month
Mid-tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature data are collected by NOAA's TIROS-N polar-orbiting satellites and adjusted for time-dependent biases by the Global Hydrology and Climate Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). An independent analysis is also performed by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and a third analysis has been performed by Dr. Qiang Fu of the the University of Washington (UW) (Fu et al. 2004)**.

The table below summarizes mid-tropospheric conditions for January 2006. These temperatures are for the atmospheric layer centered in the mid-troposphere (approximately 2-6 miles above the Earth's surface) which also includes a portion of the lower stratosphere. (The MSU channel used to measure mid-tropospheric temperatures receives about 25 percent of its signal above 6 miles). For additional information on MSU data used in this report, please see the Microwave Sounding Unit page.

All datasets indicate January temperatures were above average. Records began in 1979.

January	Anomaly	Rank	Warmest Year on Record	Trend
UAH mid-trop	+0.09°C/0.16°F	11th warmest	1998 (+0.49°C/0.88°F)	+0.04°C/decade
*RSS mid-trop	+0.19°C/0.34°F	8th warmest	1998 (+0.54°C/0.97°F)	+0.13°C/decade
**UW-UAH mid-trop	+0.22°C/0.40°F	7th warmest	1998 (+0.66°C/1.19°F)	+0.11°C/decade
*UW-RSS mid-trop	+0.33°C/0.59°F	6th warmest	1998 (+0.69°C/1.24°F)	+0.20°C/decade

*Version 02_1

Stratosphere

Current Month
The table below summarizes stratospheric conditions for January 2006. On average, the stratosphere is located approximately between 10-14 miles above the Earth's surface. Over the last decade, stratospheric temperatures have been below average in large part due to the depletion of ozone. The large increase in temperature in 1982 was caused by the volcanic eruption of El Chichon in Mexico, and the increase in 1991 was a result of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines. Therefore the base period used is 1984-1990 which was chosen to avoid contamination by these eruptions.

January	Anomaly	Rank	Coolest Year on Record
UAH stratosphere	-0.84°C (-1.51°F)	coolest	2nd - 1998 (-0.79°C/-1.42°F)
*RSS stratosphere	-0.82°C (-1.48°F)	coolest	2nd - 1998 (-0.75°C/-1.35°F)

*Version 02_1

For additional details on precipitation and temperatures in January, see the Global Hazards page.

References

Christy, John R., R.W. Spencer, and W.D. Braswell, 2000: MSU Tropospheric Temperatures: Dataset Construction and Radiosonde Comparisons. J. of Atmos. and Oceanic Technology 17 1153-1170.

Fu, Q., C.M. Johanson, S.G. Warren, and D.J. Seidel, 2004: Contribution of stratospheric cooling to satellite-inferred tropospheric temperature trends. Nature, 429, 55-58.

Mears, Carl A., M.C. Schabel, F.J. Wentz, 2003: A Reanalysis of the MSU Channel 2 Tropospheric Temperature Record. J. Clim 16, 3650-3664.

Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849.

Quayle, R. G., T. C. Peterson, A. N. Basist, and C. S. Godfrey, 1999: An operational near-real-time global temperature index. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 333-335.

Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds (2005), A global merged land air and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997), J. Clim., 18, 2021-2036.