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:R*R, '% $$/, +$$+$$+ $  +MJPk ','7 $$* +, .,+ &** ,=7<@$W& % &,$$$' -$ *ߺ$ @*ߺ$ & -& &MM@ ,%&$$$$ +,,&  * &$׹+<7C&0@$$$$c$$+ -& %$$%  -$$$$MJQ-+ߩ,*ߺ,+$$   $, +%W, $E7F@6% $,$$&-+  , %%,,,%,@+ ,% $SWW, k $$%&&߸*kRkc ,* -& ߸*@@!7B@++,$$, $ +,  ) .-,kR㹹, $ * ,,%乹  !=787B $$ ,B% %$$  &- -,C+*&+* &% MJP&,W,> &&& ,,&- ,&+-& ,!7878.--,- && ,-  $   $R K/- --,- + +  -,- , %+ -"F7,,W R,@RkRă7@c,% 'R@,- ,W&  &߉' -W,Rk. $ %- kR&  &% 'kR@,SJKJÔRkW,W,RRk,,W, ,%  .%  .& %,W%  *,R@ׅ *%  .& %!F787UJ%<7BMM'E<===90thpercentileof 2 Ѐallobservationswithinthatmonthfortheperiodofπrecord).Example:Jan.13,1987,datameasurement̀flag=E.ThereforeJan.13th1987is>=90th   ЀpercentilevalueforallJanuaryobservationsinthèentirestationrecord.(Pr) `  ̀IInternalconsistencyerror,minimumtemperaturevaluègreaterthansamedaymaximumtemperaturevalue.π(Tx,Tn)Itispossiblethatoneormorequalitycontrolflagsmayapplytoasingledatum.Therefore,theabovelistedflagsarelistedinorderofprecedence.Thus,ifavalueissuspect(e.g.S)andalsoanoutlier(e.g.O)thentheSflagwillbesetforthatdatum.̀ ElementNamesandDefinitionsforInventoryFile  h STATIONID:sameasfordatafile(11characteralphanumeric) "r LATITUDE:Expressedindecimaldegreestothenearesthundredth  Ѐofadegree.(7digits)LONGITUDE:Expressedindecimaldegreestothenearesthundredth P Ѐofadegree.(8digits)ELEVATION:Expressedinwholemeters(5digits) " ELEVATION_ESTIMATE_FLAG:Ifastationhadincompleteelevation ~  information,attemptsweremadetoestimatetheelevationbasedonlongitudeandlatitude.TheGlobalLandOnekmBaseElevation(GLOBE)datasetwasusedtoestimatetheelevation(Hastingset.al.,1997).Ifleftblankthisfieldindicatestheelevationwasprovidedinthesuppliedmetadata.IftheelevationwasestimatedusingGLOBEthenthisflagissettoE.(1character)DATA_SOURCE_FLAG:Aonecharacteridentifierindicatingthe .&~!( sourcedatanetworkfromwhichthedataweresupplied.InGDCN1.0thisflagiseitherblankorsettoGtoindicateGlobalClimateObserivingSystemNetworkstations(GCOS)(Petersonet.al.,1997).(1character) )$, ЇSTATIONNAME:Nameofplaceorlocationofstation.(30  characters)WMOID:Ifsuppliedintheoriginalmetadatathis5digitinteger 2 representstheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizations5digitstationidentifier.(5digits)STATIONID#2:2ndsuppliedidentifierfromoriginalmetadata.   Thisoftenisacrossreferencewithanotherstationidentifier.(8characters)STATION_ID_#3:3rdsuppliedidentifierfromoriginalmetadata.  2  Thisoftenisacrossreferencewithanotherstationidentifier.(8characters)7. StartDate  :   XMarch1,1840   X8. StopDate   ̀November30,2001  )$, 9. Coverage    xY,*B2.p~07(x `E7((xax  xY,cB2.p~07(x `E7((x~x (#(#                            (#(# 10. Location  "   󀀀a.Africa   Ѐb.Asiàc.Europèd.Global̀e.NorthAmericàf.SouthAmericàg.Equatorial̀h.Mid-Latitudèi.Polar̀j.Surface  k.Antarctica11. Keywords  )$,   󀀀a.Temperature  Ѐb.SurfaceTemperaturèc.Precipitatioǹd.Daily  h   > 12. HowtoOrderData     <(` ` hp x (#X< AskNCDC'sClimateServicesaboutthecostsofobtainingthis ~  dataset.NationalClimaticDataCenterVeachBaleyFederalBuilding151PattonAvenueAsheville,NC288015001P:(828)2714800F:(828)2714876http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/contacts.htmlB.` hp x (#` ` XB13. ArchivingDataCenter   NationalClimaticDataCenterVeachBaleyFederalBuilding151PattonAvenueAsheville,NC28801500114. TechnicalContact     NCDC.GDCN@noaa.gov15. KnownUncorrectedProblems  N A.AnundeterminednumberofstationswithinMexicohaverecordedsomeoftheirtemperatureobservationsinFahrenheit.Nopatternhasyetbeenidentifiedsousersshouldpayparticularattentiontothetemperaturequalitycontrolflagswhichmayormaynotbeusefulinidentifyingconversionissues.B.StationswithnonstandardpracticesforrecordingaccumulatedprecipitationhavebeenidentifiedinAppendixD.Pleaseseepage14forfurtherexplanation.B.` hp x (#XB16. QualityStatement  (d#*   (H$+ AlloftheGDCNdata(metadataanddata)havebeenprocessed throughanextensivesetofqualitycontrolprocedures.Thequalitycontrolconsistedoftwoparts:̀(1)Simpledatumchecks(e.g.correctformat,impossibleπvalues,outofrangevalues,etc.).̀(2)Statisticalanalysisofsetsofobservationstolocatèandidentifypotentialoutliersand/orerroneousdata.TheuserisreferredtoAppendixCforacompletelistofallqualitycontrolproceduresusedinstep1(above).Moreextensiveexplanationforstep2isprovidedbelowforbothtemperature(maximumandminimum)andprecipitation.TemperatureQC: :  Thequalitycontroloftemperatureidentifiesorremovesthenumerousproblemsthatcanexistwithrawtemperaturedata.Themostnotableproblemswithtemperaturedataarethepresenceofoutliers.Outliersoftenprovokecontroversybecausewhenremovedtheycanaffectthefinalanalysisofextremeweatherevents.Howeveriferroneousoutliersareincludedinthedatasettheycanoftenadverselyaffectstatisticalcomputations.ThegeneralphilosophybehindGDCN1.0istoprovidetheuserwithaminimalsetofflagstoidentifythepositionofthedatumwithintheoveralldistributionofobservations.Theusercanthenmakethedecisiontoincludethedatumbasedupontheirparticularapplication.ThemethodemployedintheidentificationofoutliersisbasedonrobustandresistantmeasuresoflocationandscaleafterLanzante,1995.The  B.` hp x (#XBidentificationofoutliervalueswithinGDCN v  beginswithqualitycontrolprocedure#5(AppendixC).ThisprocedureappropriatelyflagsalldatavaluesgreaterthanorlessthantheknownworldextremesaspublishedintheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers(Krause,1997).Thosevaluesthatareflaggedarethenexcludedfromfuturequalitycontrolcalculations.Next,forbothmaximumandminimumtemperatureforeachdaywithinthestationrecord,aseries(Xi)ofdailyobservationsis P% ' created.Thisseriesiscomprisedofallnonmissingdataandforaspecifieddayincludestheobservationfromthedaybefore,dayafter,andthedayafter,dayof,anddaybeforeforallotheryearsinthestationrecord.Forexample,thecalculationoftheseries(Xi)forJune6th,1988foraparticularstation )$, with3yearsofdata(1987through1989)wouldconsistofthefollowingdailyobservations:̀June5,6,7of1987̀June5,7of1988̀June5,6,7of1989Thisseriesisusedtocalculatethebiweightmeanandbiweightestimateofstandarddeviation.Bothoftheseestimatorsaremoreheavilyweightedtowardsthecenteroftheirdistributionsthanthetails.Thus,theyaremoreresistanttooutliervalues.Theseestimatorsprovideamorerobustcalculationofmeanandstandarddeviationthantraditionalstatisticalmethodswhichapplyequalweightthroughoutthedistribution.Allstationsforwhichthistypeofoutlieridentificationwasperformedrequiredatleast10yearsofdatasotherewasatleastaminimumof29potentialobservations.Aweight(ui)iscalculatedforalln `  observationswithin(Xi): < Ѐ̀kp37'#`^ ? `.Et ? ?t ?k߀(1) t    `     h      p   whereMisthemedianofXiandMADisthemedianoftheabsolute ^ deviationsofthevaluesfromthemedian(Note:forany ui  : 1.0,ui=1.0).Theconstantcrepresentsacensorvaluethat f controlsthedistancefromthecenterofthedistributionatwhichtheweightisequivalenttozero.ThecensorvalueusedinLanzante,1995of7.5wasalsousedthroughoutallGDCN1.0calculations.ThereforethebiweightmeanfromLanzante,1995is:   `     h vp0B2.b~ 1Oe `.@E ee ev   (#(# 񀀀 Q(#Q(#      (2)     Q(#Q(#  Q(#Q(#    (2)    Q(#Q(#       (#(#  (#(#K(#andthebiweightestimateofstandarddeviationis:̀vp6B2.b~ ! `.@E {& {&v   (#(#        T(#T(#     (3)     T(#T(#  T(#T(#     (3)   (3)    T(#T(#      (#(#        p      x  )N%, Theresultingbiweightestimatorswereusedtodeterminethenumberofbiweightstandarddeviationsaparticularvaluewasfromthebiweightmeanofthedistribution.Valuesgreaterthanorequalto3biweightstandarddeviationsfromthebiweightmeanwereclassifiedusingtheappropriatequalitycontrolflags.Asummaryoftheseflagsisfoundonpages67inthisdocumentation.Figure2illustratestheidentificationoftheseoutliervaluesforaselectGDCN1.0station.~Y&H84r~0 " Z~ `@Eb ZZ~R: ~~ (#(#                            (#(#Spatialqualitycontrolwasconductedformaximumandminimumtemperaturebycomparingmonthlyaveragedvaluestoanindependentlycreatedgriddeddataset(LegatesandWilmott,1990).Eachmonthlyaveragewascomparedtothegriddedmonthlyvalueandadifferenceseries(fortheentireperiodofrecord)wascomputed.Themedianvalueofthisdifferenceserieswas x)$, thencomputedforeachstationseriesandthesevalueswereusedtodetermineifastationwasretainedorexcludedfromtheGDCN1.0.BaseduponthisanalysisnomaximumorminimumtemperaturestationswereexcludedfromGDCN1.0.PrecipitationQC: . Thequalitycontrolofprecipitationisoftenproblematicduetothespatialvariabilityofprecipitationandinadequatemetadata(lackofinformationconcerningobservingpracticesandtimes).TheprecipitationqualitycontrolconsistedofthebasiccheckslistedinAppendixC.InadditioncarefulinitialformatprocedureswereimplementedtoensurethatthereceivedrawprecipitationmetadatainformationwerepreservedwithintheGDCNdatameasurementflags.However,thisoftenleadtosomediscrepancieswithinthedata.ThedatameasurementflagsHandJbothillustratetwoproblemsuniquetoaccumulatedprecipitation(seepg.6).Thereforeinsomecasesthepreservationoftheincompleteorerroneoussuppliedmetadataallowstheseproblemstopersist.Thus,usersshouldpayparticularattentiontothedatameasurementflagwhenprocessingprecipitationdata.Uniqueobservingpracticescanleadtopotentiallyerroneousanalysisconclusions.Acarefulanalysis(bydayofweek)wasperformedonallprecipitationdatatoexaminepotentialinconsistencieswithinthedatarecord.Inparticular,onenonstandardprecipitationobservingpracticewasidentified.Iftheaccumulatedprecipitationvaluewas0.0mmthentheobserverwouldcorrectlyrecordtheaccumulationbutinthepreviousdaysincludedintheaccumulationtheobserverwouldalsorecord0.0mmvalues.Althoughnotphysicallyincorrect,theseobserversdidnotobservethesamepracticewhentheaccumulationwasgreaterthan0.0mm.Inthoseinstancesthepreviousdaysintheaccumulatedperiodwouldbesettothemissingvalue.FurthermorethisoccurrencewasalmostexclusivetoMondayaccumulationsfromtheweekendperiod.Thus,acarefulanalysisoftherecordwoulderroneouslyshowthatSaturdayandSundayalwayshad0.0mmofprecipitationoramissingvalueofprecipitation,ifindeedthegeneralpracticewastonotobserveontheweekendthroughoutthestationrecord.FortunatelytheincidenceofthisoccurrenceissmallwithintheGDCN(<100stations)andthusAppendixDcontainsalistofstationsthatwereidentifiedwiththeabovementionedproblem. ~)$, SpatialqualitycontrolwascarriedoutinasimilarmannerdescribedintheTemperatureQC.NoprecipitationstationswereexcludedfromtheGDCN1.0baseduponthespatialprecipitationanalysis.DuplicateRemoval: . Withover800milliondaysofdailydata,directcomparisonofalldatawasnotfeasibleduetocomputationalandtimelimitations.Therefore,duplicateidentificationwasconductedbycomparisonofmetadata(geographiccoordinates).Stationswithexactorverysimilargeographicpositionswereidentifiedandthentheirfullrecordswerecomparedandthepercentofsimilaritywascomputed.StationswithexactorveryhighsimilaritieswerethenidentifiedandonlythestationwiththelongesttotalperiodofrecordwasretainedforinclusioninGDCN1.0.17. RevisionDate   ̀Version1.0  18 .SourceDataSets  (x     e   ?+ 4 <DL!X? NationalClimaticDataCenterscientistscollectedthemajority 2 ofdailydatacontainedwithinthisdatasetthroughcooperativeresearchexchanges.Inaddition,manystationswerecollectedthroughpreviouslyestablisheddatanetworkssuchastheGlobalClimateObservingSystem(Peterson,et.al.,1997).AppendixBprovidesacompletelistofpersonnelwhowereresponsibleforcollectingandestablishingdataexchangeagreementsbetweeneachcountry.m19. EssentialCompanionDataSets  h !  XNone   ""r# B.` hp x (#XB "H$  X20. DerivedDataSets  #%   None   % ' B.` hp x (#XB4'ni#O  5  6|q#OqlCo  7niq0   s#s#    (Z#* 21. References         Hastings,DavidA.,andP.K.Dunbar,1997.Thedevelopmentofglobaldigitalelevationdata.Proceedings,18thConferenceon @ RemoteSensing,KualaLumpur.pp.JS-3-1toJS-3-6.  Krause,PaulF.andKathleenFlood.(1997).WeatherandClimateExtremes(TEN0099).FortBelvoir,VA:U.S.ArmyEngineerTopographicEngineeringCenter).    Lanzante,JohnR.1996.Resistant,robust,and_nonparametric_techniquesfortheanalysisofclimatedata.Theoryandexamples,includingapplicationstohistoricalradiosondestationdata.Int.J_Climatol_.,16,11971226.  Legates,DavidR.,andCortJ.Willmott.1990."MeanseasonalandspatialvariabilityingaugeMcorrectedglobalprecipitation."InternationalJournalofClimatology,vol.10.pp.111M127.  Legates,DavidR.andCortJ.Willmott.1990."Meanseasonalandspatialvariabilityinglobalsurfaceairtemperature."TheoreticalandAppliedClimatology,vol.41,pp.11M21.   `     h      p       Peterson,Thomas,HaraldDaan,PhilipJones,1997:InitialSelectionofaGCOSSurfaceNetwork.BulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety:Vol.78,No.10,pp.2145!2152.22. Summary  &v   TheGlobalDailyClimatologyNetwork(GDCN)representsacompilationofglobaldailytimescaledataintoasingleandconsistentformat.Thedatasetwillservetheneedsofresearchers,weathersensitivebusinesses,agriculture,andpolicymakerswhosearedependentuponcompleteandaccurateanalysisofdailytemperatureandprecipitation.DatawithintheGDCNhavebeenextensivelycheckedthroughaseriesofqualitycontrolprocedurestoensureerroneousvalueshavebeenremovedand/oridentified.TheGDCNcurrentlyhasover800milliondaysofweatherdataandthatnumberisexpectedtoincreaseastheGDCNexpandsinthefuture.23. WebSite  '8#*   www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gdcn.html  )$, Ѐ    B.` hp x (#XBӀ̀GLOSSARY X?+ ` hp x (#X? AccessMethodandSortforArchivedData--Howadigitaldata  XB.` hp x (#XBӀsetcanbeaccessedinitsarchivedcondition.Ifthedatàaresorted,how. X?+ ` hp x (#X? AccessMethodandSortforSuppliedData--Howtheusercanaccessdatainitsmostcommonlysuppliedform.Ifthedata  XB.` hp x (#XBӀaresorted,how. X?+ ` hp x (#X? ArchivingDataCenter--Name,organizationalacronymandaddress  XB.` hp x (#XBӀofinstitutionsthatarchiveanddistributethedata. X?+ ` hp x (#X? Coverage--Thesmallestlatitude-longitude"box"ontheearth's surfacewithinwhichalldatameasurementsoccurred.Northernmostandsouthernmostlatitudes,andwesternmostandeasternmostlongitude,arerequiredforcoverage. XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? DataSetAliases--Othernamesor_Ids_Ԁassociatedwiththedataset,noworinthepast.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? DataSetID--Auniquecodenumberoracronymidentifyingthe  XB.` hp x (#XBӀdataset.Normally,itisthecodenumberusedbythedatàcenteratthedatasetisarchived. X?+ ` hp x (#X? DataSetName--Adescriptivenameforthedatasetthatprovidesathumbnaildescription.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? Elements--Thebasicunitsofdatathatneedtobedescribed.Usually,elementsaresimplydatavariablessuchas"stationid","precipitation","oceandepth","dailymaximumtemperature".  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? EssentialCompanionDataSets--Otherdatasets,ifany,that  XB.` hp x (#XBӀmustbeobtainedinordertousethisdataset. X?+ ` hp x (#X? DerivedDataSetsOtherdatasets,ifany,thatoriginated,inwholeorinpart,fromthisdataset.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? HowtoOrderData--Describeshowtofindtheapproximatecosts thatareassociatedwithobtainingthedataset,andhowtoorderthedata. x)$,  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? Keyword--Wordsorshortphrasesthatsuggestthedataset.Actualelementnamesshouldnotbeusedaskeywords.KnownUncorrectedProblems--Knowndatadifficulties,ifany,forwhichnocorrectionshavebeenmade.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? Location--Acollectionofstandardphrasesthatnamethemajor  XB.` hp x (#XBӀgeographicareas,andtheatmosphericlayers,towhichthe  datarefer. X?+ ` hp x (#X? QualityStatement--Abriefgeneralizationofhowgoodthedata  XB.` hp x (#XBӀare. X?+ ` hp x (#X? Reference--Anyimportantbibliographicreferencespertainingto  XB.` hp x (#XBӀthedataset. X?+ ` hp x (#X? RevisionDate--Thedatethatthisdocumentationiscreated,or  XB.` hp x (#XBӀthedateofitslatestrevision. X?+ ` hp x (#X? StartDate--Thedateoftheearliestdatainthedataset.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? StopDate--Thedateofthelatestdatainthedataset.  XB.` hp x (#XB X?+ ` hp x (#X? Summary--Aconciseabstractthatisusedtocaptureafewofthemostimportantfactsaboutthedataset,mostofwhich  XB.` hp x (#XBӀshouldhaveappearedinmoredetailunderindividualtopic̀discussions. X?+ ` hp x (#X? TechnicalContact--Thepersonwhocanbecontactedtoobtain andprovideinformationaboutthedata. XB.` hp x (#XB   ` XX=   "$ #X=X+#XX=AppendixA#X=X#   J 3digitcountrycodes(usedasthefirst3digitsofthe11  characterstationID)Note:AdigitalfileofthefollowinglistisavailableattheGDCNwebsite4(ac#O  5  www.ncdc.noaa.gov/gdcn.html6Ɩ#Oږrei  7s8" \  underSupplementaryFiles:101Algeria115Egypt141SouthAfrica148Sudan205China207India210Japan213Kyrgyzstan215Mongolia221Korea222Russia223SaudiArabia227Tajikistan228Thailand229Turkmenistan231Uzbekistan301Argentina303Brazil306Ecuador308Paraguay313Uruguay314Venezuela403Canada405CostaRica408ElSalvador410Guatemala412Honduras414Mexico415Nicaragua416Panama425UnitedStatesofAmerica501Australia505Malaysia514FrenchPolynesia531NewCaledonia602Armenia  *p%, 603Austria604Azerbaijan605Belarus606Belgium607Bosnia612Denmark613Estonia614Finland615France616Georgia617Germany618Greece620Iceland621Ireland622Israel623Italy625Kazakhstan626Latvia628Lithuania629Luxembourg631Moldova633Netherlands634Norway635Poland636Portugal641Slovakia642Slovenia643Spain645Sweden646Switzerland647Syria650Ukraine651UnitedKingdom  p    F !   XX=AppendixB#@#  X=X TheNationalClimaticDataCenterstafflistedbelowwere  responsible  forobtainingGDCNdata.Alldatacontainedwithin  theGDCNarebelievedtobeavailableforredistributionthroughtheGDCNincompliancewithWMOresolution40.IfyouhavefurtherquestionsabouttheNationalClimaticDataCentersrighttoredistributedatathroughtheGDCN,pleaseemailyourquestionsand/orconcernsto:  4 #O  5  NCDC.GDCN@noaa.gov6#Olate  7cuI |    Dr.Pavel_Ya_.GroismanDr.ThomasC.PetersonVisitingUCARScientistPhysicalScientistNationalClimaticDataCenterNationalClimaticDataCenterAsheville,NC288015001Asheville,NC288015001Dr.DavidR.EasterlingMr.RussellS.VosePrincipalScientistChief,ClimateAnalysisBranchNationalClimaticDataCenterNationalClimaticDataCenterAsheville,NC288015001Asheville,NC288015001 xY:?B2.p~0= `En =# tRx  xY:dB2.p~0= `En =# t2x # # s#s#    `  s#s## #    G"  # # s#s#   # # # #    `  # # # #  # # # #   # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # #  # # # # # # #  f(#*# #    XX= AppendixC   ##X=X  Dataandstationinformationformatqualitycontrol:1.Checkifstationidentificationinstationfilematchesthestationidentificationusedinthestationfilename.2.Checkallnonexistentdaysformissingdata.(Example:February,30thshouldalwaysequalthemissingvalue)    3.Checkforpropersortofstationdataandinventoryfile.4.Traceprecipitation(FlagT)mustequal0.0.5.CheckthatallrecordelementsareoneofPRCP(totalprecipitation),TMAX(maximumtemperature),orTMIN(minimumtemperature)6.Checkifthe4digityearelementwithinthestationdatafileis:1800<=YEAR<=2001.7.Checkthatmonthfieldis1<=MONTH<=12.8.Checkboththedatameasurementandqualitycontrolflagstoensuretheyonlycontaindocumentedflags.9.Checkeachdatumtoensuretheyareintegervalues.10.Checkforduplicatestationswithintheentiredataset. 11.Checkforstation90.0<=Latitude<=90.0 &v Ѐ180.0<=Longitude<=180.012.Checkthatthenumberofstationswithintheinventoryfilematchesthenumberofstationdatafiles.  13.Checkforprecipitation<0.0mm. *$z% 14.Checkformaximumtemperature